On Sept. 23, the Argentine company that owns the technology signed a deal with the Colorado Wheat Research Foundation (CWRF) to commercialize the drought tolerant wheat in the U.S.

“The agreement combines Bioceres’ proprietary HB4 technology with CWRF’s leadership in U.S. wheat innovation to create a next generation wheat production system,” says a press release announcing the agreement.

“Bioceres will grant CWRF exclusive, sublicensable rights to the HB4 trait in the U.S. territory.”

Bioceres Crop Solutions was created in Argentina in 2019 to commercialize its HB4 trait for wheat and soybeans.

The transgenic wheat has a drought-tolerant gene that comes from sunflowers and is also tolerant of glufosinate.

Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay have approved the cultivation of HB4 wheat, says ISAAA.org. Other countries, including Australia and New Zealand, have authorized its use in food and feed products.

In August of 2024, the U.S. Department of Agriculture approved the cultivation of HB4 wheat.

However, American farmers won’t be planting a GM wheat for a while, probably not until 2029, 2030 or later.

“Cultivation approval is different from commercialization,” says a post from Peter Laudeman, director of trade policy with the U.S. Wheat Associates.

Bioceres has to partner with U.S. breeding companies, do field trials and performance verification in U.S. wheat varieties, Laudeman said.

“And perhaps most importantly, export market approvals. This process is likely to take three to five years or more.”

That piece of the puzzle, export market approvals, is a major concern for a country such as Canada. In recent years, Canada has been the third largest exporter of wheat in the world, after Russia and the European Union.

As a result, Canada needs to move carefully on GM wheat.

“Market access is a critical factor for any of those new technologies and especially in Canada. We do have such a high export volume for wheat production that it’s something we’re carefully watching,” Krista Zuzak, director of crop protection and production at Cereals Canada, said last August.

As part of the deal between Bioceres and the Colorado Wheat Research Foundation, the HB4 trait will be made available to public and private wheat breeding programs in the U.S. through an open licensing model.

“This is an important milestone for the wheat industry and sets the stage for long-term innovation in this important crop,” said Brad Erker, executive director of the Colorado Wheat Research Foundation.

“We are proud to support open and inclusive access to HB4 technology and to lead U.S. stakeholder engagement to ensure its responsible rollout.”

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Beijing | Reuters—China has approved the safety of gene-edited wheat for the first time as Beijing cautiously moves forward with commercial growing of genetically modified food crops.

China has in the past year ramped up approvals of genetically modified (GM) corn and soybean seeds that are higher-yielding and resistant to insects and herbicide to secure its food security, but the uptake remains slow and cautious due to concerns about the impact to health and ecology.

Unlike genetic modification, which introduces foreign genes into a plant, gene editing alters existing genes to change or improve its performance and is viewed by some scientists as less risky than genetically modifying them.

China mostly imports GM crops such as corn and soybeans for animal feed and grows non-GM varieties for food consumption. Many Chinese consumers remain concerned about the safety of GM food crops.

The approval for the gene-edited disease-resistant wheat is seen as a milestone, as the ingredient – used to make pasta, noodles and bread – is predominantly grown in China for food consumption. China is the world’s largest wheat producer and consumer.

“It is a big step, we can see the light for China to open up approvals for other food crops,” said a seed industry executive.

Beijing is also expected to pass new rules this year for the labelling of genetically modified crops used in food products, state media reported in March.

The agriculture ministry on Wednesday also approved a new variety of genetically modified corn with herbicide and insect-resistant traits, as well as one gene-edited corn variety that is higher yielding.

The GM corn approval includes a variety by Origin Agritech 

The safety certificates have been approved for five years from May 5, according to a document published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.

The world’s biggest buyer of soybeans and corn aims to raise domestic production through higher yielding seeds and cut its grains imports of more than 100 million metric tons a year.

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Biotech varieties of corn, canola and soy, used for animal feed, biofuels and cooking oil, were introduced in 1996 and soon came to dominate plantings.

But genetically modified wheat has never been grown for commercial purposes due to consumer fears that allergens or toxicities could emerge in a staple used worldwide for bread, pasta and pastries.

Now, growing concerns about a possible global food crisis being triggered by climate change and war in Ukraine may be chipping away at opposition.

Argentine biotech company Bioceres is shaking up the status quo by developing wheat genetically modified to better tolerate drought, positioning itself ahead of larger global companies that are still steering clear.

Brazil has become the second country in the world, after Argentina, to approve the cultivation of genetically modified wheat, after a request from a Bioceres partner.

Because wheat is traded in a global marketplace, the threat of trade disruptions due to GM fears can be significant, as U.S. and Canadian wheat growers know well.

Two decades ago, Monsanto was working to commercialize wheat bred to withstand treatments of its weedkiller Roundup, but the company halted that effort in 2004. International buyers had threatened to boycott U.S. wheat if the product was introduced to the marketplace. Monsanto was purchased by Bayer AG in 2018.

Monsanto’s experimental wheat was supposed to have been destroyed or stored securely. However, small patches of Roundup-resistant wheat plants emerged years later in Alberta, Oregon, Montana and Washington.

The findings prompted importers, including Japan and South Korea, to suspend imports of North American wheat until they could confirm that no unapproved strains had entered commercial channels.

Attitudes toward genetically modified crops vary around the world. China, a top world buyer of soy and corn, allows GM crops in imported feed grains but only recently began to approve GM varieties for cultivation.

Germany, home to seed giants Bayer and BASF, imports GM soy. But domestic opposition to biotech crops is strong enough that these companies conduct their crop research abroad.

Australia grows and exports GM cotton and canola, and the country in May approved Bioceres’ biotech wheat for use in foods.

Mexico, among the largest buyers of U.S. corn, has said it will halt GM corn imports for human consumption, but walked back a deadline to ban the corn for animal feed.

In the United States, some producers and wheat industry leaders have expressed interest in using biotechnology to boost wheat’s profitability and appeal to farmers.

In the quarter-century since genetically modified corn and soybeans were introduced, overall U.S. plantings of those crops expanded by 13 per cent and 37 per cent, respectively, while U.S. wheat plantings fell by 37 per cent, hitting the lowest in more than 100 years in 2020, according to U.S. Department of Agriculture data.

The majority of biotech corn and soybean crops are modified for insect resistance and herbicide tolerance, traits that some wheat growers would like to access. Bioceres’ drought-tolerant wheat, known as HB4, adds another element to the mix.

Recent disruptions to global wheat supplies have brought a new degree of urgency to the debate over biotech wheat.

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“This is the first approval in the world for drought-tolerant genetic transformation in wheat,” CONICET said in a statement.

Argentina is the world’s fourth-largest wheat exporter, and CONICET noted that the GM wheat will need to be approved in Brazil, Argentina’s largest market, before being considered commercially viable.

The drought-resistant HB4 wheat variety was developed by Bioceres, an Argentine biotech company, alongside the National University and CONICET.

“Approval of our HB4 wheat in Argentina represents a groundbreaking milestone for the entire global value chain of this important crop, given the substantial yield increases and significant environmental benefits that our technology offers,” Bioceres CEO Federico Trucco said in a release.

“Now we must go out into the world and convince people that this is super good and be able to generate markets for this wheat, which represents an evolutionary leap.”

Trucco admitted in news reports that winning approval from Brazil, the country’s key export market, could prove difficult. “The first country we have to convince is Brazil, and it may be hard work,” he said.

Numerous world experts have also expressed concern, given the fact that GM wheat has faced stiff resistance from both local and foreign consumers in the past.

HB4 wheat varieties have undergone field trials for the past decade. The trait is already approved for use in soybeans in a number of countries, including Brazil and the United States.

During trials, HB4 seed varieties increased wheat yields by 20 per cent, on average, during growing seasons impacted by droughts, according to Bioceres data.

The company noted the GMO trait would help mitigate production losses amid increased incidences of drought as climate change worsens. HB4 also facilitates double cropping of soybeans and wheat.

The deregulatory process for HB4 wheat has already started in the U.S., Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia. Bioceres is also preparing presentations for Australia and Russia, as well as other countries in Asia and Africa.

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There was no evidence the wheat had entered the food supply, USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service said in a statement on Friday. The wheat is resistant to glyphosate, a widely used herbicide commonly referred to as Roundup.

“USDA is collaborating with our state, industry and trading partners, and we are committed to providing all our partners with timely and transparent information about our findings,” the statement said.

There are currently no commercially approved genetically modified wheat varieties, and incidences of rogue plants are rare. However, unapproved plants were found in 2018 in Alberta, in 2016 in Washington state, in 2014 in Montana and in 2013 in Oregon.

A Bayer CropScience spokeswoman said the latest finding may have occurred on the site of a former field trial. Last year Bayer bought Monsanto, which in the late 1990s and early 2000s developed wheat genetically modified to withstand its Roundup glyphosate herbicide.

Monsanto shelved the genetically engineered wheat in 2004 amid market concern about rejection from foreign buyers. The United States was the world’s second-largest wheat exporter after Russia in the 2018-19 marketing year.

“We have been informed by USDA of a possible detection of GM wheat in Washington State, possibly on the site of a former field trial,” Bayer CropScience spokeswoman Charla Lord said.

“We are co-operating with USDA to gather more information and facts as the agency reviews the situation,” Lord said.

Samples of the wheat plants from the field in Washington were sent to the USDA’s Federal Grain Inspection Service lab in Kansas City, Missouri, as well as a USDA lab in Pullman, Washington, for testing and confirmation, according to a joint statement from the National Association of Wheat Growers and U.S. Wheat Associates, a trade group that promotes U.S. wheat sales.

Bayer, which inherited litigation over Roundup with its US$63 billion acquisition of Monsanto last year, faces lawsuits by more than 13,400 plaintiffs in the United States, alleging the product causes cancer.

A California jury last month awarded more than US$2 billion to a couple who claimed Roundup caused their non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. It was the largest U.S. jury verdict to date against the company in litigation over the chemical.

— Julie Ingwersen is a Reuters commodities correspondent in Chicago; additional reporting by Tom Polansek in Chicago.

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Rob Wager of Vancouver Island University, who specializes in biochemistry and molecular biology, is the co-author of ‘The Mystery of the Rogue Wheat,’ which appeared first in the Daily Caller and was picked up by the website Genetic Literacy Project.

Wager and Henry Miller of Stanford University’s Hoover Institution conclude the wheat might have been planted intentionally by anti-GM activists or a party that wanted to disrupt Canadian wheat exports.

The mystery is how a small patch of the wheat, which has some links to a variety tested in the early 2000s, could have ended up alongside an oil rig access road in Alberta.

“An obvious candidate is Russia, the world’s largest wheat exporter and a major international mischief-maker where genetic engineering of crops is concerned,” they said.

• Read more: GM wheat in Alberta raises questions
• Read more: Wheat sector moves to reassure customers after GM wheat discovery

“But there are others who buy Canadian wheat. The discovery of GM wheat in Alberta caused an immediate drop in the price of Canadian wheat, and China is one of its biggest purchasers. Chinese nationals have been caught and convicted of stealing GM germplasm in the past, and China definitely has the technical expertise to create a novel GM wheat variety.”

Another prime suspect would be environmental groups with anti-GM campaigns, they said. “Greenpeace has a history of illegal anti-GM actions.” Violent interference against GM crop field trials and other disruptions have been conducted by these groups.

“Continued investigation should determine the source of the mystery wheat variety and help shed some light on how it suddenly appeared on a roadside in the prairie of southern Alberta,” they said.

Asked about the article’s claims, CFIA said, “We may never know how this GM wheat came to be present on an access road. What we do know is that this GM wheat finding was very limited in scope and that the CFIA followed all plausible leads that may explain its origin. None of these leads brought forward any further reasonable avenues, including that there was any wrongdoing.”

Asked whether he has been contacted by CFIA or others for more information, Wager says, “Unfortunately no. I fear they will stop looking and yet another case of sabotage will go unpunished.”

The grain trade offers similar responses understandably wanting the whole issue to go away. Private suspicions remain but in the absence of any proof nothing is said on the record.

Appears after 17 years

Wager and Miller said the gene in the mystery wheat was dropped in 2000 in favour of better ones with better genes, so it was either stored somewhere or propagated in the wild for 17 years before it was discovered. The official field trials were far away, so local escape of the GM wheat is not a realistic possibility. “That’s strike one for the inadvertent-contamination theory,” they said.

And if it was propagating in the wild for all that time, there should be many instances of it showing up in Canadian wheat, but the CFIA examined more than 170,000 samples spanning several years and found none.

“Even if the herbicide-tolerance gene did come from the original field trials, we are still left with the question, how did it naturally move into a new variety of wheat that does not exist in Canada? That’s strike two for the inadvertent-contamination theory,” they said.

The farmland around the roadside where the wheat was discovered was not used in field trials and when tested was completely free of the herbicide-tolerance gene, they said.

“Neither did this unknown wheat variety match the GE wheat used in U.S. field trials, so the ‘rogue’ Canadian GE wheat could not possibly have escaped from any field trial in North America. Strike three for the inadvertent-contamination theory.”

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I am proud of what I call Team Canada — namely Cereals Canada and what it has done for the Canadian wheat industry. The first time in Canadian history all players are speaking with one voice. This attack is actually clear admittance of defeat in preventing the industry from moving forward. The first defeat was specifically, the change in the marketing structure, giving farmers market choice for their wheat and second, preventing groups from joining of Team Canada.

It is unfortunate that a few GM plants were found outside of the containment strategy designed for research programs. However, customers can have absolute confidence in Canadian wheat. The sky is not falling. Breads, buns and noodles around the world will continue to be made with high-quality Canadian wheat. Cereals Canada and other industry groups are working hard to address customer concerns.

Everyone understands the sensitivity of the consumer and their choice in purchasing decisions. Farmers and the industry have been incredibly flexible and diverse in satisfying consumer desire. The use of science, research, development and value creation have served to satisfy and to capture this additional value from consumers. Certainly, most organic producers like Mr. Wells should clearly have this understanding.

The Canadian industry needs to remain open and flexible with the use of any scientific tools and research techniques which will generate additional value.

Political debates of the past serve no purpose other than to distract from planning for future. I would suggest this paper would do a greater service for the industry by looking at all the interesting ideas for the future.

Henry Vos
Fairview, Alberta

We welcome readers’ comments on issues that have been covered in the Manitoba Co-operator. In most cases we cannot accept “open” letters or copies of letters which have been sent to several publications. Letters are subject to editing for length or taste. We suggest a maximum of about 300 words.

Please forward letters to Manitoba Co-operator, 1666 Dublin Ave., Winnipeg, R3H 0H1 or Fax: 204-954-1422 or email: news@fbcpublishing.com (subject: To the editor)

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Japan’s agriculture ministry said it was seeking to buy 62,957 tonnes of food-quality Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS, 13.5 per protein) wheat in a regular tender that will close late on Tuesday. It usually issues tenders on Tuesdays.

Japan, the world’s sixth-biggest wheat importer, keeps a tight grip on imports of the country’s second-most important staple after rice, and buys the majority of the grain for milling via tenders typically issued thrice a month.

Japan last month announced it had suspended Canadian wheat imports following the discovery of some GM wheat plants growing along an oil well access road in southern Alberta. GM wheat is not authorized to be grown commercially in any country.

A Canadian Food Inspection Agency investigation found the plants to be an isolated incident. The Canadian Grain Commission, through monitoring, has found no evidence that unapproved wheat ever entered export cargos.

Federal Agriculture Minister Lawrence MacAulay and Trade Minister Jim Carr, in a statement Friday, said Japan’s announcement “marks an end to all international trade actions” arising from the GM wheat discovery.

Japan’s decision, like South Korea’s June 26 decision to resume imports, “reaffirms the excellent quality and consistency of Canadian wheat,” they said.

Federal officials, they noted, “worked quickly and collaboratively with Japanese authorities to provide the necessary information to secure this positive outcome.”

“Today’s news proves that Canada’s science-based regulatory system works,” Tom Steve, general manager for the Alberta Wheat Commission, said in a release Friday.

“Not only does Canada’s grain handling system employ some of the most rigorous quality control protocols in the world, but we also prioritize transparency with our customers.”

“Japan is a long-standing, premium customer of Canadian wheat and is the highest-grade buyer of Canadian wheat in the world,” Cam Dahl, president of Cereals Canada, said in a separate release. “We appreciate that loyalty and highly value the collaborative nature of our trading partnership.”

— Includes files from AGCanada.com Network staff.

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Canada’s wheat registration system played a role in reaching that conclusion.

As of late June, CFIA didn’t know the name of that GM wheat, but it did have its DNA fingerprint, which didn’t match any of the 450 wheats registered in Canada on file with CFIA and the Canadian Grain Commission (CGC).

“This means that, as wheat must be registered prior to sale or import into Canada, farmers who purchase registered seed varieties can rest assured that these varieties are free from GM wheat,” a detailed report prepared by CFIA says.

That’s not something the United States can say since it doesn’t have a wheat registration system, a retired CFIA official noted.

CFIA has also developed a test kit to identify that genetic modification, created by Monsanto.

To be sure Canadian wheat exports are GM free, 170,000 individual wheat kernels collected by the CGC from 1,500 Canadian wheat exports from the past three years were tested.

“Through a review of the data, no matches for this type of GM wheat have ever been found by the CGC,” the report says. “The CFIA will continue to work in collaboration with the CGC to monitor Canadian grain to make sure it does not contain any varieties that do not conform to what should be in bulk export shipments.”

CFIA and CGC also tested five composite wheat samples from the CGC’s Harvest Sample Program from across the Prairies.

“These composite samples are representative of western Canadian wheat classes, and included a total of 1,692 individual samples,” the report says. “Both the CFIA and CGC independently tested these samples for GM wheat. On April 26, 2018, the CFIA confirmed that no GM wheat was detected. This result was independently confirmed by the CGC.”

On April 20 CFIA held its first meeting with the owner of the land where the GM wheat was found.

Discussions included the land’s history, crop rotation, including other fields on the farm, agricultural practices, as well as the location and contents of stored wheat.

“The CFIA conducted significant on-site sampling and testing of all wheat stored on the farm and grain that had wheat present,” the report says. “These inspection activities extended to the entire farming operation including nine fields covering approximately 1,500 acres of farmed land.

“On May 1, 2018, CFIA test results for the farming operation’s seed and stored grain were all confirmed to be negative for GM wheat. This finding indicates that GM wheat was not present in the farm’s 2017 harvested crops.

“The CFIA was not able to identify anything related to the management practices of the farm that could be linked to GM wheat. The landowner owns and does not share seeding and harvest equipment. The equipment is cleaned in the field or yard and not off site. All fertilizer and herbicide treatments are done by the landowner using typical application approaches.

“This farming operation plants canola, wheat, and barley. All seed samples tested negative for the GM wheat. No seed was ever sold by the landowners. There have been no confined research field trials on the site, or consultants or crop scouts who have visited the farm. All leads were thoroughly explored.”

The closest confined in-field testing of wheat with this specific event was 300 kilometres away, the report says.

“(T)here is no link between past field trials and this current finding in Alberta,” CFIA said in an email.

CFIA also interviewed the leaseholders who use the access road near where the GM wheat was found.

“The CFIA was not able to identify anything linking the management of the roadway to the GM wheat,” the report says.

No construction work was done on the road in the last five years. There was no ground cover seeding of the road ditches and no straw mats used.

As soon as fields were dry May 8 CFIA searched 60,000 square metres near where the GM wheat was found.

Two hundred and eighty-four wheat heads were collected and tested. All but four were negative for GM having tested positive for the Monsanto’s MON71200 event.

The positive heads were within 15 metres of the access road.

“This was not surprising given its proximity to the original find along the access road,” the report says. “This indicates that the GM wheat is present only in a highly localized area.”

CFIA will monitor the site for three years, while the landowner adopts measures, including regularly monitoring the site, destroying any wheat that germinates and restricting the crops grown there, to ensure that no GM wheat persists.

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The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), which is charged with regulating confined Plant Novel Trait field trials, has confirmed this fact.

‘Confined’ PNT field trials must be approved by CFIA and come with many regulations to stop unapproved genetic modifications through recombinant DNA, mutagenesis, or conventional plant breeding, from escaping.

“These terms and conditions of confinement include, but are not limited to, reproductive isolation, site monitoring, and post-harvest land use restrictions and are designed to minimize the exposure of the PNT to the environment,” CFIA’s website says.

CFIA also inspects the sites to ensure compliance, it said in a report it released June 15 after announcing wheat found in southern Alberta last summer was genetically modified.

• Read more: CFIA certain Canadian wheat is GM free

Terry Boehm, chair of the National Farmers Union’s (NFU) seed committee, was surprised GM wheat is still tested in Canadian fields. When Monsanto shelved plans to commercialize its GM Roundup Ready wheat on 2004 he assumed all GM wheat field tests had ceased. And he thinks others did too.

Last year there were 11 and 43 confined GM wheat trials in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, respectively, a CFIA official wrote in an email June 22. Trait objectives included herbicide tolerance, yield increase, fungal resistance, and selectable markers.

“Biotech companies have done field trials of genetically modified wheat most years since 1998, including two in Ontario in 2011 and 2012, and 13 in Alberta in 2014,” CFIA said. “Wheat research trials were not conducted in 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010.

“Monsanto did outdoor genetically modified herbicide-tolerant wheat trials from 1998 through 2004. Syngenta and BASF did field testing in 2005 and 2006. For the past five years, most of the field trials have been done in Manitoba and Saskatchewan… including 32 by Bayer Crop Science.”

A full list of PNT trials is online at the CFIA website.

Halt trials

In wake of CFIA confirming June 15 unauthorized GM was found in Alberta last year, Boehm wrote CFIA June 20 asking it to stop allowing open-air testing of GM wheat.

“The only way to prevent these genetic escape incidents happening in the future is to ban outdoor testing,” Boehm wrote.

But CFIA says there are no cases of experimental GM wheat persisting in the Canadian environment.

“None of the wheat trials have occurred at or near the location where the GM wheat plants were found, and there is no evidence directly linking the current GM wheat finding with these previously authorized trials,” the CFIA report says.

Boehm is skeptical. That’s why the NFU wants to know where GM wheat is and has been tested.

“Thus, we are requesting that the CFIA make public the precise location of every current and past genetically modified wheat test site so that farmers and other Canadians can be on the lookout for escapes and if found, assist in eradicating them.”

CFIA posts information online about Plant Novel Trait field trials in Canada, including the company conducting the trial, the trait, crop and the province the trial is in, CFIA said.

“The approximate trial locations are published, but specific trial locations are not reported publicly to prevent the destruction (vandalism) of research field trials,” CFIA said. “Also the CFIA’s Access to Information and Privacy Office advises that this information may not be released.”

Too close

The NFU also says 30 metres of isolation from other wheat crops isn’t enough. The Prairie Recommending Committee for Wheat, Rye and Triticale passed a resolution at its annual meeting in Saskatoon, Feb. 26, 2004 requiring GM wheat tested in variety registration trials have 300 metres of isolation. No GM wheat has entered those trials, a committee member confirmed last week.

“Minimum isolation distances for all crops have been established through consultation with academics, scientists, and other stakeholders, using requirements adapted from the Canadian Seed Growers Association (CSGA) for producing pedigreed seed crops,” says CFIA.

(Isolation requirements vary by crop. Argentine canola must be 200 metres from other brassica’s and 50 from weedy relatives, CFIA’s regulations state.)

The list of safeguards researchers must take when conducting confined PNT field trials is long.

“The PBO (CFIA’s Plant Biosafety Office) may refuse to authorize or may restrict the scope of the release of a PNT where the proposed confined release poses an unacceptable risk to the environment and/or animal and/or human health, or there is a reasonable risk of not meeting the confinement conditions,” CFIA’s website says. “Restrictions on the size and number of trials are in place to mitigate the exposure of the PNT material to the environment.”

Researchers are required to keep extensive records, clean equipment, and store and dispose of PNT crops in a way that keeps them out of the environment.

“No seed or plant material from the confined research field trials may enter the human or livestock feed chain unless approved by Health Canada and the Animal Feed Division of CFIA, respectively,” CFIA’s website says.

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